Citations at the level of a whole book or paper are often too broad for the general public or for a newcomer into the field. It puts the cognitive load on the reader to infer the relationships behind it. Hundreds of references in something we're reading may still leave us unable to understand a particular stance, its history, the relationships around it, or the ecology of information in which it sits.
For example, when first coming into a field, it would be very helpful to know and make visible: a) how a source relates to a claim, b) who a person or organization is connected to, including the type and strength of those affiliations, and c) the status of a claim within a field.
Following this, we could say there are at least three layers of context to a citation, that are often not even visible:
1) The orientation of a citation
Does it support, oppose, address, explain, supplement, or lead to something?
RelatedSupportsOpposesAddressesHelpfulLeads toExplainerSupplement
2) The social network around it
Who is the person or organization affiliated with? What is the nature and strength of the relationship? What context does it bring to how we understand their work?
FunderSupporterCollaboratorInspirationCriticBuilds Upon
3) The status of a claim within a field
How widely is a claim accepted? How much evidence supports it? What are their counter-arguments?
Widely acceptedMostly acceptedNeeds more evidence/argumentationMixed evidence/argumentsEarly proposition
*In our Ecosystem Map, we're experimenting with these and other design patterns as Advanced Filters.
Of course, the ones doing these kinds of mapping or categorization are not arbiters of truth. They're also implicated in the map, their incentive and belief systems are also crucial to be considered when interpreting this presentation of information.
All of this also points to the need for a second layer of sensemaking, which should include, for example, transdisciplinary perspectives on it. We should not just take as a given what's widely accepted in a field. These are just a few examples that make more visible the information ecologies in which we're embedded.